第一个 NFT

本教程将指导你使用 Aptos TypeScript SDK（@aptos-labs/ts-sdk）在 Aptos 上创建新的数字资产（通常称为 NFT）。完成后，你将能够：

1. 创建数字资产（NFT）集合。
2. 在集合内铸造新的数字资产（NFT）。
3. 在账户之间转移数字资产（NFT）。
4. 通过检查更新后的余额验证数字资产（NFT）的转移。

注意

本教程假定你熟悉 Aptos CLI，已安装 Node.js 和 npm，并了解基本 JavaScript/TypeScript 概念。如需更多信息，请参阅 Node.js 简介或 Aptos TypeScript SDK 文档。

代码讲解

下面分步说明如何在链上创建、转移和交互数字资产。将介绍完整示例代码的工作方式。若只想运行代码，请参阅运行示例。

代码演练

1. 配置客户端

   从 SDK 导入并配置 Aptos 客户端，以连接指定网络：

   const APTOS_NETWORK = NetworkToNetworkName[process.env.APTOS_NETWORK] || Network.DEVNET;
   const config = new AptosConfig({ network: APTOS_NETWORK });
   const aptos = new Aptos(config);

   该 aptos 对象可用于与 Aptos 区块链交互（为账户注资、创建资产、提交交易等）。

2. 创建并注资账户

   生成 Alice 和 Bob 两个账户。在 devnet 上，可轻松为它们注入测试 APT。

   const alice = Account.generate();
   const bob = Account.generate();
   
   await aptos.fundAccount({ accountAddress: alice.accountAddress, amount: INITIAL_BALANCE });
   await aptos.fundAccount({ accountAddress: bob.accountAddress, amount: INITIAL_BALANCE });

3. 创建集合

   在 Alice 账户中创建集合。集合就像数字资产的“文件夹”或“类别”。此处创建的是 "Example Collection"。

   const createCollectionTransaction = await aptos.createCollectionTransaction({
     creator: alice,
     description: "This is an example collection.",
     name: "Example Collection",
     uri: "aptos.dev",
   });
   
   const committedTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
     signer: alice,
     transaction: createCollectionTransaction,
   });
   await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: committedTxn.hash });

   注意

   在继续前始终使用 waitForTransaction 等待交易完成。这可确保在尝试铸造前集合已准备就绪。

4. 铸造数字资产

   创建集合后，即可为集合铸造数字资产（NFT）。这需要提供名称、描述和 URI（通常链接到图像等元数据）等详细信息。

   const mintTokenTransaction = await aptos.mintDigitalAssetTransaction({
     creator: alice,
     collection: "Example Collection",
     description: "This is an example digital asset.",
     name: "Example Asset",
     uri: "https://aptos.dev/asset.png",
   });
   
   const mintTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
     signer: alice,
     transaction: mintTokenTransaction,
   });
   await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: mintTxn.hash });

   注意

   可更改这些值以自定义链上的数字资产。

5. 转移数字资产

   铸造后，资产属于 Alice。可先获取 Alice 的数字资产进行验证，然后构建并提交交易，将资产转移给 Bob。

   const aliceDigitalAssets = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({ ownerAddress: alice.accountAddress });
   const digitalAssetAddress = aliceDigitalAssets[0].token_data_id;
   
   const transferTransaction = await aptos.transferDigitalAssetTransaction({
     sender: alice,
     digitalAssetAddress,
     recipient: bob.accountAddress,
   });
   
   const transferTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
     signer: alice,
     transaction: transferTransaction,
   });
   await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: transferTxn.hash });

   完成后，该资产应出现在 Bob 的账户中。

6. 验证余额

   最后，检查 Alice 和 Bob 的账户，确保 Alice 不再拥有资产，而 Bob 已拥有资产。

   const aliceDigitalAssetsAfter = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({ ownerAddress: alice.accountAddress });
   const bobDigitalAssetsAfter = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({ ownerAddress: bob.accountAddress });
   
   console.log(`Alice's digital asset balance: ${aliceDigitalAssetsAfter.length}`);
   console.log(`Bob's digital asset balance: ${bobDigitalAssetsAfter.length}`);

运行示例

开始使用

1. 设置项目

   为项目创建新目录并初始化 Node.js 项目：

   mkdir aptos-digital-asset-tutorial
   cd aptos-digital-asset-tutorial
   npm init -y

   这会创建 package.json 文件，以便安装依赖和运行脚本。

2. 安装依赖

   需要 Aptos TypeScript SDK 和用于管理环境变量的 dotenv：

   npm install @aptos-labs/ts-sdk dotenv
   npm install --save-dev @types/node

3. 创建 tsconfig.json

   创建包含以下内容的 tsconfig.json 文件：

   {
     "compilerOptions": {
       "target": "es2020",
       "module": "commonjs",
       "esModuleInterop": true,
       "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
       "strict": true,
       "skipLibCheck": true,
       "types": ["node"],
       "lib": ["es2020"]
     }
   }

   此配置确保 TypeScript 正确识别 Node.js 类型并提供适当的类型检查。

4. 配置环境变量

   创建包含以下内容的 .env 文件：

   APTOS_NETWORK=devnet

   注意

   默认使用 devnet，但可根据需求选择 testnet 或 mainnet。

5. 添加 index.ts

   创建包含以下内容的 index.ts 文件：

   // Update the TODOs below to customize this digital asset to your needs.
   // You will want to customize the Collection values and individual Digital Asset values.
   // This example demonstrates creating a collection, populating it with digital assets, and transferring them.
   
   import "dotenv/config";
   import {
       Account,
       Aptos,
       AptosConfig,
       Network,
       NetworkToNetworkName,
   } from "@aptos-labs/ts-sdk";
   
   // Verify environment variables are loaded
   console.log("Environment variables loaded:", {
       APTOS_NETWORK: process.env.APTOS_NETWORK || "not set"
   });
   
   const INITIAL_BALANCE = 100_000_000;
   
   console.log("Step 1: Setting up a client to connect to Aptos");
   const APTOS_NETWORK = NetworkToNetworkName[process.env.APTOS_NETWORK!] || Network.DEVNET;
   const config = new AptosConfig({ network: APTOS_NETWORK });
   const aptos = new Aptos(config);
   
   async function example() {
       console.log("\n=== Step 2: Creating and funding accounts ===\n");
       const alice = Account.generate();
       const bob = Account.generate();
   
       console.log(`Alice's address: ${alice.accountAddress}`);
       console.log(`Bob's address: ${bob.accountAddress}`);
   
       console.log("Funding Alice's account...");
       await aptos.fundAccount({ accountAddress: alice.accountAddress, amount: INITIAL_BALANCE });
       console.log("Alice's account funded!");
   
       console.log("Funding Bob's account...");
       await aptos.fundAccount({ accountAddress: bob.accountAddress, amount: INITIAL_BALANCE });
       console.log("Bob's account funded!");
   
       console.log("\n=== Step 3: Creating a collection ===\n");
       // TODO: Update these values to customize your Digital Asset!
       const collectionName = "Example Collection";
       const collectionDescription = "This is an example collection.";
       const collectionURI = "aptos.dev";
   
       console.log("Building the collection creation transaction...");
       const createCollectionTransaction = await aptos.createCollectionTransaction({
           creator: alice,
           description: collectionDescription,
           name: collectionName,
           uri: collectionURI,
       });
   
       console.log("Submitting the collection creation transaction...");
       const committedTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
           signer: alice,
           transaction: createCollectionTransaction,
       });
   
       console.log("Waiting for the collection creation transaction to complete...");
       await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: committedTxn.hash });
       console.log("Collection created successfully!");
   
       console.log("\n=== Step 4: Minting a digital asset ===\n");
       // TODO: Update the values of the Digital Assets you are minting!
       const tokenName = "Example Asset";
       const tokenDescription = "This is an example digital asset.";
       const tokenURI = "aptos.dev/asset";
   
       console.log("Building the mint transaction...");
       const mintTokenTransaction = await aptos.mintDigitalAssetTransaction({
           creator: alice,
           collection: collectionName,
           description: tokenDescription,
           name: tokenName,
           uri: tokenURI,
       });
       console.log(mintTokenTransaction)
   
       console.log("Submitting the mint transaction...");
       const mintTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
           signer: alice,
           transaction: mintTokenTransaction,
       });
       console.log(mintTxn)
   
       console.log("Waiting for the mint transaction to complete...");
       await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: mintTxn.hash });
       console.log("Digital asset minted successfully!");
   
       console.log("\n=== Step 5: Transferring the digital asset ===\n");
   
       // Wait for the indexer to update with the latest data from on-chain
       await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5000));
   
       const aliceDigitalAssets = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({
           ownerAddress: alice.accountAddress,
       });
   
       // Check if Alice has any digital assets before accessing them
       if (aliceDigitalAssets.length === 0) {
           console.error("No digital assets found for Alice. Make sure the minting was successful.");
           return;
       }
   
       const digitalAssetAddress = aliceDigitalAssets[0].token_data_id;
   
       console.log("Building the transfer transaction...");
       const transferTransaction = await aptos.transferDigitalAssetTransaction({
           sender: alice,
           digitalAssetAddress,
           recipient: bob.accountAddress,
       });
   
       console.log("Submitting the transfer transaction...");
       const transferTxn = await aptos.signAndSubmitTransaction({
           signer: alice,
           transaction: transferTransaction,
       });
   
       console.log("Waiting for the transfer transaction to complete...");
       await aptos.waitForTransaction({ transactionHash: transferTxn.hash });
       console.log("Digital asset transferred successfully!");
   
       console.log("\n=== Step 6: Verifying digital asset balances ===\n");
       const aliceDigitalAssetsAfter = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({
           ownerAddress: alice.accountAddress,
       });
       const bobDigitalAssetsAfter = await aptos.getOwnedDigitalAssets({
           ownerAddress: bob.accountAddress,
       });
   
       console.log(`Alice's digital asset balance: ${aliceDigitalAssetsAfter.length}`);
       console.log(`Bob's digital asset balance: ${bobDigitalAssetsAfter.length}`);
   
       console.log("\n=== Step 7: Transaction hashes for explorer ===\n");
       console.log(`Collection creation transaction: ${committedTxn.hash}`);
       console.log(`Mint transaction: ${mintTxn.hash}`);
       console.log(`Transfer transaction: ${transferTxn.hash}`);
       console.log("\nYou can view these transactions on the Aptos Explorer:");
       console.log("https://explorer.aptoslabs.com/?network=devnet");
   }
   
   example();

6. 运行代码

   npx ts-node index.ts

   若一切设置正确，将看到详细说明每个步骤、交易哈希和最终余额的输出日志。

7. 在 Explorer 中查看交易

   运行代码后，控制台中会显示交易哈希，尤其是第 7 步会显示所有交易哈希以便参考：

   === Step 7: Transaction hashes for explorer ===
   
   Collection creation transaction: 0x8c5d2a4ce32d76349bfb4f3830740c1c103399e8cbc31d6e2c7a871c88e6ad48
   Mint transaction: 0x673d2cbb9fef468fe41f271c0fcf20872e9fa79afb6a2000368394000071b02e
   Transfer transaction: 0x3a1e99d6fd3f8e7e962c311f3dfd92c11e468da5b6084123b8f7e0248a37ffa7
   
   You can view these transactions on the Aptos Explorer:
   https://explorer.aptoslabs.com/?network=devnet

   可在 Aptos Explorer 中查看这些交易：

   1. 从控制台复制交易哈希
   2. 访问 Aptos Explorer
   3. 确保处于正确网络（Devnet）
   4. 将交易哈希粘贴到搜索栏
   5. 查看交易详细信息，包括：
      • 发送者和接收者地址
      • 交易处理的准确时间
      • 支付的 Gas 费用
      • 被转移的数字资产

   这是验证交易并了解其如何记录在区块链上的好方法。

延伸阅读和资源

• aptos ts-sdk 文档
• 账户基础
• REST API 规范